Difference between revisions of "A Recital Primer"

Revision as of 02:43, 29 October 2009

A Recital Primer

Keywords

There are no reserved words in Recital. Command names can be used as variables names. At first glance these seems strange, but provides for greater flexibility when declaring and referencing memory variables and database field variables, as you do not need to concern yourself about names that may already be used as commands.

As an extreme example, the following code will compile and run. It will output "hello"

procedure if(if)
return if
 
if = "hello"
if if = "hello"
    echo if( if )
endif

Lines and Indentation

Tabs and spaces have no significance in Recital. Recital commands can begin on any column of a line. A newline ends the command. If you have particularly long commands, you can them extend over multiple lines by placing the line continuation character ; (semicolon) at the end of each line that is to be continued.

echo "This is a one line command"
echo "This is a ;
multi line ;
command"

For better code readability it is recommended that you indent code blocks such as if statements, for loops etc.

// indented code if much more readable and easier to maintain
for i=1 to 10
    name = "hello world"
    if name = "hello world"
        // indent like this
    endif
endfor

Comments

Single line comments

// allows comment lines to be inserted in programs to enhance their readability and maintainability. The // command allows all characters following it on a line, to be treated as a comment and to be ignored by Recital. The // command can be placed anywhere on a line, even following an executable command.

// declare variables
private x,y,z

Multi line comments

/* and */ denote block comments. These can be inserted in programs to enhance their readability and maintainability.

The /* denotes the start of the comment block, the */ the end of the comment block.

All characters between the two comment block delimiters are treated as comments and ignored by Recital.

/* the following lines
     are multi
     line comments */
private x,y,z

Data Types

Variables

Variables in Recital do not need to be explicitly declared, although they should be for better code readability and maintainability. When an expression is assigned to a variable, if the variable does not already exist then it will be created implicitly unless SET STRICT ON is in effect.

private x
x = 10    // x already exists
y = 10    // y does not yet exist so it is created
 
set strict on
z = 10   // error is thrown as z does not exist and STRICT is ON

Simple Variables

Variable names must begin with a letter (A-Z, a-z) or an underscore (-), followed by any combination of letters, digits or underscores. The variable name can be of any length, but only the first 32 characters are significant, so these must be unique. Recital ignores the case of letters, so m_var, M_VAR, and m_VaR would all be treated as the same memory variable name. The name given to a variable has no bearing on the type of data that is, or can be, stored in it. In fact, the type of data stored in a particular variable can be changed at any time unless SET STRICT is ON, in which case Recital will type check variables on assigment to them.

m_var = 1234
m_var = 'a character value'
? m_var + 100

Variables can be declared and optionally initialized before used.

private m_var = 1234
m_var = 'a character value'
? m_var + 100

Variables can optionally be declared as specific datatype.

private m_var as numeric = 1234
m_var = 'a character value'    /// throws an error

Static Arrays

A static array is an ordered list of elements (variables) that is of a fixed size (number of elements). You declare a static array by specifying the number of elements when you declare a variable.

private tab[ 20 ]    // declare a static array of 20 elements all initialized to False
 
// iterate through the array (note the use of the alen( ) function to find the length of the array
for i=1 to alen( tab )
    // change each array element to hold a numeric value
    tab[ i ] = i
endfor

You can initialize a static array with one statement.

// declare the array and init all elements to false
declare tab[10, 10]
 
// init all elements to zero
tab = 0

You can create and initialize static arrays using static array initializers.

// simple one dimensional array with 2 elements
private tab = { "Hello", "world" }
 
// two-dimensional array of two rows with three columns in each row
private tab2 = { { "Hello", 10, date() ], { "world", 20, date()+1 } }
 
// create an array on the fly
mytab = { 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 }

You can view the contents of a static array using the echo or ? commands.

? tab

Associative Arrays

An associative array (also known as a dynamic array) is a collection of key/value pairs where the key can be used to retrieve the value. Associative arrays are dynamic, meaning that elements can be added and removed dynamically.

private tab[]    // note the use of [] to denote a dynamic array
 
tab["name"] = "bill"
tab["age"] = 25
tab["dob"] = date()

Associative arrays can be created and initialized in one statement using the array( ) function.

tab = array("name" => "bill", "age" => 25, ""dob" => date())

You can view the contents of an associative array using the echo or ? commands.

? tab

Operators

Arithmetic operators

Assignment operator

String operators

Comparison operators

Logical operators

Increment and Decrement operators

Constants

String constants

Date constants

Numeric constants

Logical constants

Currency constants

Datetime constants

Expressions

Assigment Statements

The assignment statement stores the result of the expression expression into a variable.

variable = expression

If the variable does not exist and STRICT is OFF, then it is created. If the variable already exists, its contents are updated. If the variable does not exist (has not been declared) and STRICT is ON, then an error is thrown. When STRICT is ON, you should pre-declare variables before assigning values to them using the private, public or local commands.

private myvar
 
set strict on
// no error as myvar has already been declared
myvar = "hello world"
 
set strict off
// error as newvar does not been declared
newvar = 10

You can declare and initialize variables in one statement

private myvar = "hello world today is " + cdow( date() )

Recital automatically performs type conversions for variables. If, for example, an existing variable called name contains a character string, and the command name=10 is executed, the variable will automatically be converted to a numeric variable.

If you explicitly tell Recital what type of data can be stored in a variable, it will perform data type checking at runtime.

private myvar as character = "hello world today is " + cdow( date() )
 
// an error will be thrown because myvar was declared as a character
myvar = 10

Control flow statements

The IF command

The if ... endif command is how basic decisions are made in Recital. The if command has a condition and a code body. If the condition evaluates to true then the code body is executed.

name = "bill"
if name = "bill"
    echo "name is bill"
endif

The if ... else ... endif command allows for two-way control flow.

name = "bill"
if name = "bill"
    echo "name is bill"
else
    echo "name is not bill"
endif

The if ... elseif ... endif command allows for multi-way control flow.

name = "bill"
if name = "bill"
    echo "name is bill"
elseif name = "tom"
    echo "name is tom"
elseif name = "mike"
    echo "name is mike"
else
    echo "unknown name"
endif

The DO CASE command

The DO CASE command selects one course of action out of many alternatives. Recital evaluates each CASE condition in turn. As soon as one of the conditions evaluates to true the code body for that CASE is executed and any further case statements are ignored. Following execution of the code body, the program continues after the ENDCASE statement.

OTHERWISE If an OTHERWISE statement is present and no CASE condition evaluates to true the OTHERWISE code body is executed.

ENDCASE If no CASE condition is true and there is no OTHERWISE statement specified, then control skips to the next command following the ENDCASE.

CASE statements, as with all of the other Recital statements can be nested. In other words, a CASE statement can contain further DO CASE commands.

do case
    case upper(command) = "BROWSE"
        echo command
    case upper(command) = "DIR"
        echo command
    otherwise
        echo "Unknown command."
endcase

Looping statements

DO WHILE statement

The DO WHILE command repeats the commands between the DO WHILE and the ENDDO statement, until a specified condition becomes false.

do while condition
    // code body
enddo

If the specified condition is true, then all commands within the DO WHILE loop will be executed. If the specified condition is false, then the first statement following the ENDDO will be executed.

If an EXIT statement is encountered then the DO WHILE loop is exited.

If a LOOP statement is encountered, then control returns to the head of the DO WHILE loop.

Statements within the DO WHILE must be properly nested.

// scan through a database table displaying information about an event
use events
seek "OPERA"
do while event = "OPERA"
    echo event, seats*price
    skip
enddo

FOR statement

for var = startvalue to endvalue [step stepvalue]
    // commands
endfor

The FOR ... ENDFOR command repeats the commands between the FOR and the ENDFOR statement.

The startvalue specifies the loop start point and endvalue the loop end point. These may be numeric or date values.

The FOR...ENDFOR command is equivalent to a counter based DO WHILE ... ENDDO set of commands but FOR ... NEXT is faster.

If the optional STEP stepvalue is specified, then the FOR ... ENDFOR loop will increment by stepvalue. This value can be a positive or negative number. If stepvalue is not specified then the FOR ... ENDFOR loop will increment by 1.

The looping will continue until either endvalue is reached or an EXIT command is encountered.

If a LOOP command is encountered, then control returns to the start of the FOR ... ENDFOR loop.

for i = 1 to 10 step 2
    if i % 1 = 1
        loop
    endif
    echo i*2
next

FOREACH statement

Macros

Variable macro substitution

The & macro function substitutes the contents of the specified variable into the command line. To use a macro in the middle of a word, it is necessary to end the variable name with a '.'. Any type of memory variable can be substituted as a macro.

subscript = 10
i10i = 5
? i&subscript.i
         5

Expression macro substitution

The & macro function can also substitute the result of an expression into the command line. The expression must be enclosed in round brackets.

subscript = "1"
i10i = 5
? i&(subscript + "0")i
         5
str1 = "hello"
str2 = "world"
echo "&str1 &str2"    // output "hello world"

Shell command output substitution

Recital provides tight integration with the unix/linux command shell. The ` ... ` command sequence (backticks) can be used to run external shell commands that are piped together and to substitute the output into a Recital character string.

echo "The default directory is `pwd`"
echo "There are `ls -l *.dbf | wc -l` tables in this directory"

Functions

Defining a Function

Calling a Function

Classes

Libraries